Let's Hold The U.S.A. To Account For AIDS/HIV.

[wsduncanb]

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/shadowobjectivists/

When J. Edgar Hoover and the F.B.I. wanted to get rid of Rev. Dr.
Martin Luther King, Jr., they simply hired "outside help" in the form
of Corrado Giacona and his "Southern-Fried Mafia." James Earl Ray was
a hired MAFIA, part-time C.I.A. assassin working under the umbrella
of an elite U.S ARMY Special Forces Sniper Team in MEMPHIS, TN.

The same with Malcolm X: His assassination was an INSTIGATION brought
about through the F.B.I., an organization with a history of
exploiting "bad-blood" between rival political factions and crime
organizations within the United States, which exploited existing bad-
blood between Mr. X and the NATION of ISLAM to bring about
his "timely demise" in 1965. (I can testify about this tactic: See
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/shadowobj ... message/44.)

The United States Government has done, and continues to do, "things"
which no American, when armed with the right, proper and correct
facts, can be proud of (see
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/shadowobj ... message/29) and, on
this WORLD AIDS DAY, what I am driving at, the whole entire history
of the development of AIDS/HIV should arouse the same, if not
greater, righteous indignation that surrounded the discovery of NAZI
DEATH CAMPS in WWII EUROPE! I mean to say, "If you knew what I know
about the United States of America, you wouldn't want to see the
STARS and STRIPES, Old Glory, the AMERICAN FLAG, flying from some
post over some government installation. You'd want to see the SKULL
and CROSSBONES of the WAFFEN-SS and J. Edgar Hoover's body dug-up,
crushed into little crumply pieces, and set on fire with ZIPPO
lighter fluid to celebrate the 4th of July!" I am only presenting the
facts that correspond with my experience -- as I know them to be
TRUE. You be the judge in your own quest for the truth behind the
GENOCIDE.

Chapter Excerpt from "State Origin: The Evidence of the Laboratory
Birth of AIDS" by Boyd E. Graves, J.D.

The true history of the origin of AIDS can be traced throughout the
20th Century and back to 1878. On April 29 of that year the United
States passed a "FEDERAL QUARANTINE ACT".

The United States began a significant effort to investigate "causes"
of epidemic diseases. In 1887, the effort was enhanced with the
mandate of the U.S. "LABORATORY OF HYGIENE". This lab was run by Dr.
Joseph J. Kinyoun, a deep rooted-racist, who served the eugenics
movement with dedication.

Two years later, 1889, we were able to identify "mycoplasmas", a
transmissible agent, that is now found at the heart of human
diseases, including (AIDS) HIV.

In 1893, we strengthened the Federal Quarantine Act and suddenly
there was an explosion of polio.

In 1898, we knew we could use mycoplasma to cause epidemics, because
we were able to do so in cattle, and we saw it in tobacco plants.

In 1899, the U.S. Congress began investigating "leprosy in the United
States".

In 1902, We organized a "Station for Experimental Evolution" and we
were able to identify diseases of an ethnic nature.

In 1904, we used mycoplasma to cause an epidemic in horses.

In 1910, we used mycoplasma to cause an epidemic in fowl/birds.

In 1917, we formed the "Federation of the American Society for
Experimental Biology" (FASEB).

In 1918, the influenza virus killed millions of unsuspecting. It was
a flu virus modified with a bird mycoplasma for which human primates
had no "acquired immunity".

In 1921, lead eugenics philosopher, Betrand Russell, publicly
supported the "necessity for "organized" plagues" against the Black
population.

In 1931, we secretly tested African Americans and we tested AIDS in
sheep.

In 1935, we learned we could crystallize the tobacco mycoplasma, and
it would remain infectious.

In 1943, we officially began our bio-warfare program. Shortly
thereafter, we were finding our way to New Guinea to study mycoplasma
in humans.

In 1945, we witnessed the greatest influx of foreign scientists in
history into the U.S. biological program. Operation Paperclip will
live in infamy as one of the darkest programs of a twisted parallel
government fixated on genocide.

In 1946, the United States Navy hired Dr. Earl Traub, a notorious
racist biologist.
A May appropriations hearing confirms the existence of a "secret"
biological weapon.

In 1948, we know that the United States confirmed the endorsement
of "devising a scheme" in which to address the issue of
overpopulation in certain racial groups. State Department's George
McKennan's memo will forever illuminate the eugenics mendacity
necessary for genocide of millions of innocent people.

In 1949, Dr. Bjorn Sigurdsson isolates the VISNA virus. Visna is man
made and shares some "unique DNA" with HIV. See, Proceedings of the
United States, NAS, Vol. 92, pp. 3283 - 7, (April 11, 1995).

In 1951, we now know our government conducted its first virus attack
on African Americans. Crates in Pennsylvania were tainted to see how
many Negro crate handlers in Virginia would acquire the placebo
virus.. They were also experimentally infecting sheep and goats.
According to author Eva Snead, they also held their first world
conference on an AIDS-like virus.

In 1954, Dr. Bjorn Sigurdsson publishes his first paper on Visna
virus and establishes himself as the "Grandfather of the AIDS virus."
He will encounter competition from Dr. Carlton Gajdusek.

In 1955, they were able to artificially assemble the tobacco mosaic
virus. Mycoplasmas will forever be at the heart of the U.S.
biological warfare program

In 1957, future U.S. president, Rep Gerald Ford and others gave the
U.S. Pentagon permission to aggressively deploy offensive biological
agents. There are no recorded cases of AIDS prior to the 1957
creation of "Special Operation-X." (The SOX) program served as the
immediate prototype program for the Special Virus program to begin in
1962.

By 1960, Nikita Kruschev had been let in on the biological weapon.
His 1960 statement will long reflect the arrogance of the secret
blend of communism and democracy. The two countries would go to a
November 1972 agreement to cull the Black Population.

In 1961, scientist Haldor Thomar publishes that viruses cause cancer.
In 1995, he and Carlton Gajdusek informed the National Academy of
Sciences that "the study of visna in sheep would be the best test for
candidate anti-HIV drugs."

In 1962, under the cover of cancer research, the United States charts
a path to commit premeditated murder, the "Special Virus" program
begins on February 12th. Dr. Len Hayflick sets up a U.S. mycoplasma
laboratory at Stanford University. Many believe the "Special Virus"
program began in November 1961 with a Phizer contract.

Beginning in 1963 and for every year thereafter, the "Special Virus"
program conducted annual progress reviews at Hershey Medical Center,
Hershey, PA. The annual meetings are representative of the aggressive
nature in which the United States pursued the development of AIDS.

In 1964, the United States Congress gave full support for the
leukemia/lymphoma (AIDS) virus research.

In 1967, the National Academy of Sciences launched a full scale
assault on Africa. The CIA (Technical Services Division) acknowledged
its secret inoculator program.

In 1969, Fort Detrick told world scientists and the Pentagon asked
for more money, they knew they could make AIDS. Nixon's July 18
secret memo to Congress on "Overpopulation" serves as the start of
the paper trail of the AIDS Holocaust.

In 1970, President Nixon signed PL91-213 and John D. Rockefeller, III
became the "Population Czar." Nixon's August 10 National Security
Memo leaves no doubt as to the genocidal nature of depopulation.

In 1971, Progress Report #8 is issued. The flowchart (pg. 61) will
forever resolve the true laboratory birth origin of AIDS. Eventually
the Special Virus program will issue 15 reports and over 20,000
scientific papers. The flowchart links every scientific paper,
medical experiment and U.S. contract. The flowchart would
remain "missing" until 1999. World scientists were stunned. The
flowchart will gain in significance throughout the 21st Century. It
is also clear the experiments conducted under Phase IV-A of the
flowchart are our best route to better therapy and treatment for
people living with HIV/AIDS. The first sixty pages of progress report
#8 of the Special Virus program prove conclusively the specific goal
of the program. By June 1977, the Special Virus program had produced
15, 000 gallons of AIDS. The AIDS virus was attached as complement to
vaccines sent to Africa and Manhattan. However, because of the
thoroughness of authors, like Dr. Robert E. Lee, we also learn the
Stanford Mycoplasma Laboratory issues one of the first papers with
AIDS in the title. "Viral Infections in Man Associated with Acquired
Immunological Deficiency States." The primary scientist, Dr. Thomas
Merigan, was a "consultant" to the Special Virus program.

Progress Report # 8 at 104 - 106 proves Dr. Robert Gallo was secretly
working on the development of AIDS with full support of the sector of
the U.S. government that seeks to kill its citizens. Dr. Gallo can
not explain why he excluded his role as a "project officer" for the
Special Virus program from his biographical book. Dr. Gallo's early
work and discoveries will finally be viewed in relation to the
flowchart. We now know where every experiment fits into the
flowchart. The "research logic" is irrefutable evidence of a
federal "Manhattan-style project" to develop a "contagious" cancer
that "selectively" kills. Dr. Gallo's 1971 paper is identical to his
1984 AIDS announcement.

Progress Report #8 at 273 - 286 proves we gave AIDS to monkeys. Since
1962, the United States and Dr. Robert Gallo have been inoculating
monkeys and re-releasing them back into the wild. Thus, even
government scientists are baffled that both HIV-1 and HIV-II
would "suddenly emerge" from two distinct monkey ancestral relatives
during the last 100 years. A 1999 Japanese study will ultimately
prove the Man to Monkey origin of Monkey AIDS. The monkey experiments
summary definitively proves Monkey AIDS is also man-made.

In 1972, the United States and the Soviet Union entered into a
biological agreement that would signal the death knell for the Black
Population. The 1972 agreement for collaboration and cooperation in
the development of offensive biological agents is still U. S. policy.

In 1973, we find that world scientist, Garth Nicolson reports on his
project, "Role of the Cell Surface in Escape From Immunological
Surveillance." His report is accompanied by seven published papers.
Dr. Nicolson worked in conjunction with the Special Virus program
from 1972 until 1978. Dr. Nicolson is considered by some to be Dr.
Gallo's "West Coast" counterpart. It is strongly held that because of
Dr. Nicolson, Dr. Robert Gallo and Dr. Luc Montagnier would secretly
meet in Southern California to coordinate what they would and would
not say about the special virus development program.

In 1974, Furher Henry Kissinger releases his NSSM-200 (U.S. Plan to
Address Overpopulation). It is the only issue of discussion at the
World Population Conference in Bucharest, Romania.  The men in the
shadows had won, the whole world agrees to secretly cull Africa's
population. Today it is Africa and other undesirables. Tomorrow it
may be you.

In 1975, President Gerald Ford signs National Security Defense
Memorandum #314. The United States implements the Kissinger NSSM-200.

In 1976, the United States issues Progress Report #13 of the Special
Virus program. The report proves the United States had various
international agreements with the Russians, Germans, British, French,
Canadians and Japanese. The plot to kill Black people has wide
international support. In March, the Special Virus began production
of the AIDS virus, by June 1977, the program will have produced
15,000 gallons of AIDS. President Jimmy Carter allows for the
continuation of the secret plan to cull the Black Population.

In 1977, Dr. Robert Gallo and the top Soviet Scientists meet to
discuss the proliferation of the 15,000 gallons of AIDS. They attach
AIDS as complement to the Small pox vaccine for Africa, and
the "experimental" hepatitis B vaccine for Manhattan. According to
authors June Goodfield and Alan Cantwell, it is Batch #751 that was
administered in New York to thousands of innocent people. This
government will never be able to repay the people for the social
rape, humiliation and out right prejudice people with HIV/AIDS face
on a daily basis. The men in the shadows of the AIDS curtain
accurately calculated that you would not care if only Blacks and gays
are dying. In fact you don't care that nearly a half million Gulf War
veterans are encumbered with something contagious. Soon there will be
no more Black people and a confused military, older White people will
start suddenly dying and you still won't get it. Be here now for us,
give us a chance to be there for you.

Suddenly, just as President Nixon had predicted, there was explosive
death. On November 4, 1999, the U.S. White House
announced,.... "Within a period as short as five years, all new
infections of HIV in the United States will be African American...."
At some point our experts must be allowed to begin the interface
process of allowing the history of this virus program to count. It is
ludicrous and preposterous to fail to review the U.S. virus program
in which to elucidate the etiology of AIDS.

More of the history of the secret virus program can be found in the
archives of Dr. John B. Moloney. A review of the files under Dr.
Moloney's name would further pinpoint additional dates and records
consistent with one of the greatest hunts, capture and proliferation
of disease in the history of the human race. We have found the
missing link. It is the guts of the research logic of a federal
program that seeks to kill. We have found a curtain of AIDS. We can
identify some of the people who work in the shadows of the curtain.
Dr. Robert Gallo and Dr. Garth Nicolson must lead us in review. In
light of the attack mechanisms available in which to inhibit AIDS, it
is time that not another person be stricken with this relic,
synthetic mycoplasma chimera.

Help those of us who are still here to realize full and contributory
lives. We are all one people.

On September 28, 1998 I filed suit against the United States for
the "creation", "production" and "proliferation" of AIDS. On November
7, 2000, the appeals court agreed with the lower court and held AIDS
bioengineering as "frivolous." The world continues to wait for the
court to rule on the resubmitted issues. The court can not continue
to simply brush aside our experts and the government's flowchart.

I have been asked to give my perspective with regard to the federal
program MK-NAOMI . MK-NAOMI is the code for the development of AIDS.
The "MK" portion stands for the two co-authors of the AIDS virus,
Robert Manaker and Paul Kotin. The "NAOMI" portion stands
for "Negroes are Only Momentary Individuals." The U.S. government
continues to orchestrate silence from the very top echelons of the
Congress and military. At present there is no accountability. The
good people will ultimately create a tsunami of public outrage. We
can not allow the state an autocratic right to govern outside of the
Constitution. Our society is structured to hide crimes committed by
the state, while punishing citizens for minor indiscretions. Their
strategy focuses on the general confusion they can create via
manipulation of the media. They are very good at what they do. We
must become more focused in our continued presentation of the
flowchart. The flowchart is the absolute missing link in proving the
existence of a coordinated research program to develop a cancer virus
that depletes the immune system. New diseases do not create old
illnesses.

This compilation of court documents and correspondence is the true
effort of one man's achievement in solving the mystery of the origin
of AIDS. We have found the origin of AIDS, it is us.

[coldharvest]

Let's Hold The U.S.A. To Account For AIDS/HIV

Why not?
I blamed the Capt. Crunch for my killing spree.

[Kurt]

I blame most things on Merv Griffin myself.

But whatever...AIDS caused by the US or Merv Griffin. ..it'll work itself out somehow.

[nomad]

the aids virus was created in a lab in chicago in late 70,s

[Hayduke]

... a racist biologist... can I take Racial biology 101 at community college?

[diamonddog]

I blame most things on Merv Griffin myself.

But whatever...AIDS caused by the US or Merv Griffin. ..it'll work itself out somehow.

I tend to hold Mr. Belvedere accountable for many of the problems plaguing our world. If he had only done a better job raising Wesley <sigh>.

[APBT]

U need to get a job or a sexual partner or a good hand.

[Slam]

The U.S. made the dinosaurs extinct.

[lightstalker]

the aids virus was created in a lab in chicago in late 70,s

Hmmm..interesting...

The general consensus is that some gay guy fucked sooty mangabey ,the chimp,in the arse somwhere in western africa in the 70s and got a dose...what a cunt.

then again..I always thought it was the FBI who created the virus to kill of gays..

[el3so]

The general consensus is that some gay guy fucked sooty mangabey, the chimp, in the arse somwhere in western africa in the 70s and got a dose...

Transferral through eating bushmeat saignant being a close second and IMO a bit more probable than getting out alive of a non-consensual sexual encounter with a mature chimp.

[Outkast]

AIDS = Humankind's only natural predator.

<i>But viruses aren't considered living. Nevermind...</i>

[CSWR]

I thought it came from malaria vaccine generated from chimps. It was the NSA who invented crack though.

[hedc]

Okay
the US created HIV to kill the gays and the blacks.
and
HIV doesn't cause AIDS
and
AIDS is casused by anti-retrovirals that Big Pharma pushes
and
HIV was invented by the sinister condom lobby
and
You can tell HIV isn't real because they don't use condoms in straight porn.
and
The Jews or Rothchilds or Illuminati or Seven Sisters or US government or .... have a cure and are witholding it

All shit I hear all the time, me being a social worker who works with people with HIV

all shit that you have to be a fucking moron or willfully obstinent to believe.

For anyone who cares we know exactly where HIV came from. Below is one of hundreds of thousands of puplished reports on HIV that if people would get their heads out of their asses they might sit back and say something like HOLY FUCKING SHIT 40 MILLION PEOPLE ARE INFECFTED. Whole nations are going to fail when the next dieing phase hits, that is the people who where infected in the late nineties and the early 00's, they will start dieing around 2008 and southern Africa is going to be hit hard. This period is going to include a higher rate of infection among the 15 million orphans due to AIDS who are living right now. Not to be a negative fellow the plus side of this whole thing, there will be a whole lotta more DPs to visit. The article I promised,

http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol11no12/04-0789.htm

Understanding the emergence of new zoonotic agents requires knowledge of pathogen biodiversity in wildlife, human-wildlife interactions, anthropogenic pressures on wildlife populations, and changes in society and human behavior. We discuss an interdisciplinary approach combining virology, wildlife biology, disease ecology, and anthropology that enables better understanding of how deforestation and associated hunting leads to the emergence of novel zoonotic pathogens.

Approximately three fourths of human emerging infectious diseases are caused by zoonotic pathogens (1). These include agents responsible for global mortality (e.g., HIV-1 and -2, influenza virus) and others that cause limited deaths but result in high case-fatality rates and for which no effective therapies or vaccines exist (e.g., Ebola virus, hantaviruses, Nipah virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome [SARS]-associated coronavirus) (2). Despite the growing threat of zoonotic emerging infectious diseases, our understanding of the process of disease emergence remains poor. Public health measures for such diseases often depend on vaccine and drug development to combat diseases once pathogens have emerged. Indeed, many believe that predicting emergence of new zoonoses is an unattainable goal (3). Despite this, a growing trend in emerging disease research attempts to empirically analyze the process of emergence and move towards predictive capacity for new zoonoses. These studies track broad trends in the emergence of infectious diseases, analyze the risk factors for their emergence, or examine the environmental changes that drive them (4–6).

Figure

Click to view enlarged image

Figure. Location of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture Humid Forest Benchmark Region, Cameroon. ha, hectares.

Many new zoonoses are viruses that emerge as human and domestic animal populations come into increasing contact with wildlife hosts of potentially zoonotic pathogens (1). The risk for emergence of new zoonotic agents from wildlife depends largely on 3 factors: 1) the diversity of wildlife microbes in a region (the "zoonotic pool" [5]); 2) the effects of environmental change on the prevalence of pathogens in wild populations; and 3) the frequency of human and domestic animal contact with wildlife reservoirs of potential zoonoses. The first factor is largely the domain of virologists, particularly those analyzing evolutionary trends in emerging viruses (7) (Figure). The last 2 factors are studied by wildlife veterinarians, disease ecologists, wildlife population biologists, anthropologists, economists, and geographers (4,8). Understanding the process of emergence requires analyzing the dynamics of microbes within wildlife reservoir populations, the population biology of these reservoirs, and recent changes in human demography and behavior (e.g., hunting, livestock production) against a background of environmental changes such as deforestation and agricultural encroachment. To fully examine zoonotic emergence, a multidisciplinary approach is needed that combines all of these disciplines and measures the background biodiversity of wildlife microbes. We use hunting and deforestation in Cameroon as an example to discuss the complex interactions between human behavior, demography, deforestation, and viral dynamics that underpin the emergence of diseases.

Logging, Hunting, and Viral Traffic
Hunting of wildlife by humans is an ancient practice that carries a substantial risk for cross-species transmission. Despite the discovery of cooking ≈1.9 million years ago (9), the risk of zoonotic diseases emerging from hunting and eating wildlife is still of global importance because of increases in human population density, globalized trade, and consequent increased contact between humans and animals.

Deforestation of tropical forests is 1 cause of increasing contact between wildlife and hunters. However, the mechanics of disease emergence are complex. For example, clear-cut logging may be less likely to result in zoonotic emergence than selective extraction because of the relatively low contact rate between people and wildlife during clear-cutting. Because of the high costs of extraction and transportation, logging in central Africa generally involves selective extraction of high-value timber species. Selective extraction is also more likely to sustain natural diversity of wildlife than clear-cutting (10) and therefore to sustain the diversity of potentially zoonotic pathogens available to hunters. Selective logging generally involves constructing roads and transporting workers into relatively pristine forest regions. Although roads can bring health care to rural communities, they also provide increased contact between low-density, remote human populations and urban populations with access to international travel, which allows localized emergence events the potential for rapid global spread (11,12).

Building logging roads also leads to habitat fragmentation as forest edges along roads are degraded, which lowers the movement of wildlife between forest patches. This process may have 3 counteractive effects. First, as patch size decreases, smaller, more discrete, less dense populations of reservoirs result, some of which may be lowered below the threshold density of some potentially zoonotic microbes (13). In these cases, mathematical models of infectious diseases predict that the microbes will become extinct, lowering the risk for transmission to humans. Second, in some cases, the loss of vertebrate reservoir host species richness may result in increased abundance of highly competent reservoirs of some zoonotic agents, increasing the risk for transmission to humans. Although this phenomenon has only been demonstrated for 1 pathogen, Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease (14), it may be more widespread. In this case, fragmentation increases the relative abundance of the highly competent reservoir, the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) and results in a higher risk for infection to humans (14). Third, fragmentation due to road building may increase the functional interface between human populations and reservoir hosts. Historically, hunting activities radiated in a circular fashion from isolated villages, with decreasing impact at the periphery of the hunting range. Roads provide an increased number of points at which hunting activities can commence. Road-side transport means that hunters can lay traps and hunt at the same distance from roads. This changes the pattern of human contact from a circular pattern to a banded pattern surrounding developed roads, increasing the area in which hunting can be conducted with economic returns.

Anthropology of Bushmeat Hunting, Trade, and Consumption
Different activities associated with bushmeat trade will involve different levels of risk for microbial emergence. Hunting (tracking, capturing, handling, sometimes basic field butchering, and transporting of the carcass) involves contact with potentially infected vectors, whereas distant consumption may not. Particularly high risks may be associated with hunting nonhuman primates, and even greater risks in hunting species such as chimpanzee, which are phylogenetically closest to humans. Butchering (opening, cutting, dressing, and preparing the carcass) is obviously more high risk for bloodborne pathogens than the transportation, sale, purchase, and eating of the butchered meat.

Research in medical anthropology has begun to examine indigenous theories of infectious disease (15) and the cultural contexts within which diseases emerge (16), but little data exist on local perceptions of health or other risks associated with hunting and eating bushmeat. Humans as well as other animals employ behavioral adaptations to avoid exposure to infections, yet the type of protective strategies that hunters might use and the effectiveness of such strategies remain unknown. For this reason, anthropologic studies of bushmeat should include not only the details of hunting, but also the transportation of meat to the village, the market, the kitchen, and onto the table. These practices are often articulated along lines of gender and ethnicity and within cultural contexts.

The demand for bushmeat in West and central Africa is as much as 4 times greater than that in the Amazon Basin (10). Estimates of the extraction rate in the Congo Basin suggest that >282.3 g of bushmeat per person per day may be eaten there, with a total of 4.5 million tons of bushmeat extracted annually (17). Expanded demand for bushmeat will likely lead to changes in the exposure of humans to potentially zoonotic microbes. Therefore, assessing the risk that bushmeat extraction and consumption poses to public health will include an assessment of the economy and geography of bushmeat demand and supply.

Case Study: Bushmeat Hunting in Cameroon
A collaboration between Johns Hopkins University and the Cameroon Ministry of Health and Ministry of Defense is exploring emergence of infectious diseases in Cameroon (Figure). The ecologic diversity in Cameroon and the range of new and changing land-use patterns make it an ideal setting to examine the impact of environmental changes on novel disease transmission. Deforestation rates in Cameroon are high, with a loss of 800–1,000 km2 forest cover per year and corresponding increase in road-building and expansion of settlements (18). Finally, Cameroon is representative of the region from which a range of notable emerging infectious diseases, including HIV/AIDS, Ebola and Marburg viruses, and monkeypox, have emerged (Table).

A key factor driving the bushmeat trade in Cameroon is the large and growing urban demand for bushmeat in conjunction with the opening up of logging concessions in the East Province. The construction of the World Bank–funded Yaoundé–Douala truck road in the mid-1980s and the European Union–funded extension of this road to the border of the timber-rich East Province in 1992 dramatically reduced the cost of extracting timber and increased access to these areas for bushmeat hunters. One of the most important non-timber forest product activities within this region is the poaching of bushmeat by market hunters. The bushmeat market among households for sauce preparation in Yaoundé alone is estimated at ≈$4 million annually (International Institute of Tropical Agriculture [IITA], unpub. data). A recently conducted consumption study showed that bushmeat plays an important dietary role among poor households and is not a luxury product eaten mainly by the rich. Across income classes, the poorest 2 quantiles spent 16% and 17%, respectively, of their meat budgets on bushmeat versus 7% for the richest quantile and 9% overall (IITA, unpub. data). Finally, our work in Cameroon has shown that not only bushmeat hunters but also persons who keep various species of vertebrate pets or butcher and handle meat are at risk for zoonotic transmission due to bites, cuts, and other exposures to fluids or tissue (27).

Viral Chatter and Globalized Emergence
The global emergence of a zoonotic pathogen such as SARS or HIV-1 and -2 requires 3 steps. First, the pathogen must be successfully transmitted between a wild reservoir and humans or their domestic animals. Several recently emerging zoonoses have achieved this stage without further transmission, e.g., Hendra virus. Second, the pathogen must be directly transmitted between humans. Finally, the pathogen must move from a local epidemic into the global population. Understanding and predicting the global emergence of pathogens require knowledge of the drivers of each of these steps or processes. These are, in fact, stages of emergence that have been described previously as invasion, establishment, and persistence of infectious diseases introduced into new host populations (8).

Evidence suggests that many pathogens are transmitted between their animal reservoirs and humans but fail to be transmitted from human to human or do so at rates that do not allow pathogen establishment within the human population. For example, sequence data from HIV-1 and HIV-2 suggest that as many as 10 prior transmission events into human populations occurred over the last century before this virus emerged globally (23). Recent data from our own field sites suggest that simian foamy viruses infect bushmeat hunters regularly, so far without evidence of human-to-human transmission (26). Other pathogens, such as avian influenza and Hendra viruses, which do not appear to be transmitted through bushmeat consumption, have also led to several small epidemics with little or no evidence of human-to-human transmission. We have termed this "viral chatter," a seemingly common phenomenon of repeated transmission of nonhuman viruses to humans, most of which results in no human-to-human transmission (28). We hypothesize that this mechanism is common in viral emergence. High rates of viral chatter will increase the diversity of viruses and sequence variants moving into humans, increase the probability of transmission of a pathogen that can successfully replicate, and ultimately increase the ability of a human-adapted virus to emerge in a more widespread manner. In some cases this process may result in the evolution of a new viral strain (29) and may be a very common mechanism for viral emergence into the human population (23,28).

Monkeypox and Nipah viruses are examples of the second stage towards global emergence. These viruses have shown limited human-to-human transmission in a number of relatively small epidemics before fading out (22,30). This phenomenon can be understood by using what mathematical modelers of disease dynamics refer to as the reproductive ratio (R0), which measures a pathogen's ability to cause an outbreak. R0 is the number of secondary cases in a population caused by a single case, assuming that all other members are susceptible (8). When R0 is >1, the pathogen will amplify within a population and cause an outbreak. In the environmental conditions in which monkeypox and Nipah viruses emerged, R0 was <1, and ultimately the epidemics faded out (22).

One of the crucial questions in disease emergence is: What environmental or evolutionary changes cause the R0 of wildlife viruses to rise above 1 in human populations? In mathematical models for density-dependent transmission, R0 is proportional to host density, so that there is a critical threshold of human population density (known as the threshold density, NT), below which a pathogen will fade to extinction. Increasing densities of human populations in urban centers close to bushmeat hunting areas and the increasing rates of movement of people between village, town, and city, will increase R0 and the risk for new epidemic zoonoses. Alternatively, changes to human behavior that increase the transmission of viruses between people (e.g., sexual contact, injected drug use, or fluid contact by means of medical procedures) will increase R0 and may also assist in driving their emergence.

In the final stage of emergence, increased travel or migration facilitate the global spread of new zoonoses. For example, increased movements between villages or cities and higher between-person contact rates through increased numbers of sexual partners appear to have facilitated the early emergence of HIV/AIDS in Africa (12). This disease became a global pandemic following the expansion of road networks, changes in workforce demography, and increases in international air travel to central Africa and globally (12,23).

Our review suggests that predicting the emergence of new zoonoses will be a difficult but important task for future medical research. This goal has been described as challenging or impossible by some researchers (3). However, we propose that it is now becoming possible to conduct the science of predicting emerging zoonoses and that far more attention should be paid to this approach than is currently given (31). We have previously proposed 3 criteria that can be used to predict which microbes are most likely to emerge (6). These include microbes that have a proven ability to 1) lead to human pandemics, 2) lead to panzootics in (nonhuman) animal populations, and 3) mutate at high rates and recombine with other similar or dissimilar microbes. The high mutation rates of RNA viruses and their predominance within zoonotic emerging infectious diseases that are transmitted from human to human suggest that this group is a key candidate for future emergence (7). Simian foamy viruses are members of this group, and the high rates of viral chatter observed in Cameroon suggest a strong potential for their emergence as a human-to-human transmitted pathogen.

Little is known about the complexity of this process, but with ≈75% of human emerging infectious diseases classified as zoonoses (1), understanding the process is critical to global health. We propose that more attention be given to multidisciplinary studies at all stages of the process. For example, understanding how the rates of viral chatter respond to anthropogenic land-use changes (e.g., deforestation, mining) that affect the density of wildlife species and the prevalence of viruses that affect them will be critical for predicting hotspots of disease emergence. Second, understanding which viruses are likely to rapidly evolve in humans, rather than become dead-end hosts, will involve a combination of host immunologic and viral evolutionary traits (7,32). Studies of the characteristics of the zoonotic pool (i.e., the biodiversity of yet-to-emerge wildlife viruses [5]) may explain these events. Some strains within viral quasispecies may be able to infect and be transmitted between humans far more readily than others. Such complexity requires the collaboration of medical scientists with many other disciplines, including geography, ecologic and evolutionary biology, conservation biology, medical anthropology, and veterinary medicine.

Recent advances in a number of fields include some of direct relevance to predicting unknown zoonoses, among them modeling multihost disease dynamics in wildlife and humans (33), modeling the evolutionary dynamics of pathogens (34), insights into the phylogenetic characteristics of emerging pathogens (7,32), greater understanding of the environmental changes that drive emergence (4), risk assessments for pathogen transmission (35,36) and introduction (37), and major advances in the technology for microbial discovery (e.g., microarrays) and characterization (e.g., noninvasive sequencing) (38). A number of collaborative initiatives between veterinary medicine, human medicine, and ecology have already begun (39,40), and our analysis suggests these should be strengthened by even wider collaboration. The fusion of these diverse, rapidly evolving fields will allow the first steps to be taken towards emerging disease research's ultimate challenge of predicting new zoonotic disease emergence.

[Caliban]

All very interesting, all plausible or not as the case may be, but its this simple -

pick the right person and stick your dick in the right hole. No monkeys, no one also with a dick, no one with a needle in their arm.

If you do, serves you right, conspiracy or no conspiracy

[wsduncanb]

Never meant to be so fuckin' cryptic
But noone can deny the fact that pictures
Are worth a thousand words; a taste,
A thousand pictures. And, so, it suits us
To understand and utilize this,
An alpha-numeric code so ancient
And useful in the English language
That we ShadowObjectivists use the medium
To cipher and decipher many a vehicular license plate:

8-9-22 (H-I-V)
3-11 (C-K) or (KKK)